Attiyah's Blue Sky
{{N.B: This article is not quoted}}
Global, highly intense veil blue-colored diffuse auroras are the main contributor to the blueness of the daytime sky.
Abstract:
The clear sunward sky is nearly always blue mainly because the ionosphere is self-coloring due to its capability of being a planetary-scale discharge tube wherein global, continuous blue-colored auroras mostly from molecular and atomic nitrogen emissions, especially the emissions of N2+ ions upon being impact-excited, are prevalent almost along the daytime. Simply, the diffuse sky radiation is blue mainly because the bulk of this light is blue veil diffuse auroras wherein the ionized air glow associated with 'electric blue' could be considered as a principal player.
Introduction
Why is the daytime clear sky blue?
The scientists used to explain the blueness of the sky in terms of Rayleigh's law of scattering. However, I see that the scientists were to know that the scattering-dependent Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky deserved be abandoned, at least, since the ascent of 'Albert W. Stevens' in 1935 to a height of 22km in the stratosphere aboard a high altitude balloon.
Almost all the scattering air is present in the atmospheric region below the ozonosphere. Therefore, geophysicists considered the lower atmosphere which is composed of the troposphere and tropopause as the real scattering layer. Were the scattering-dependent Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky right, necessarily, the blueness of the sky should then be overwhelmingly concentrated in the lower atmosphere. Otherwise, the explanation of the blueness of the sky according to Rayleigh's law of scattering would turn out to be wrong. So, as all the images of the Earth's limb from high altitude balloons disclosed that the clear lower atmosphere is normally colorless, scientists were to declare that Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky could no longer survive. Instead, strangely, they stood thoughtless and continued their adherence to Rayleigh scattering as a right explanation of the blueness of the sky. Well, who could dare mistake a world-wide famous, so brilliant mathematician 'Nobel prize' laureate Lord from the Great Empire?!
http://ift.tt/1fqSdjP
http://ift.tt/QB8T38
http://ift.tt/1kmc3Ac
Any way, also all the images captured for the Earth's limb from terrestrial orbits, e.g. from space shuttles, could reinforce the fact of the colorlessness of the lower atmosphere by disclosing the troposphere and tropopause as a white-colored region.
http://ift.tt/QB8VYy
The Facts of the Chromatic Behavior of Auroras Can Rightly Explain the Blueness of the Sky
From the perspective of the classical polar auroras, or by the comparison with them, we find that:
First, all the agents needed to operate extremely intense auroral activities are continuously present in the whole sunward ionosphere.
Second, all the conditions relevant to the occurrence of extremely bright, blue-colored diffuse auroras could be persistently observed throughout the daytime ionosphere.
Third, all the effects associated with the events of exceptionally bright auroras always appear in the daytime sky.
Accordingly, relatively and comparatively speaking, very bright, veil blue-colored auroras should be continuously present in an almost uniformly diffuse state in the whole sunward ionosphere.
Concise Explanation and Interpretation
It is known that excited oxygen atoms are responsible for the emission of the two most principal and most typical auroral lines: the green wavelength 557.7nm and red wavelength 630.0nm. However, both of these two emissions belong to the forbidden transitions (meta-stable states): 557.7nm [OI] line (1S→1D) and 630.0nm [OI] line (1D→3P). Therefore, unless the green-excited oxygen atom passes its radiative lifetime whose duration is 0.75sec without suffering any collision, it will not emit the green photon (557.7nm). Otherwise, the gained energy which caused the activation will be yielded to the other colliding particle in a non-radiative de-excitation. Also, unless the red-excited oxygen atom passes its radiative lifetime whose duration is 110 seconds without undergoing any collision, it will not emit the red photon (630.0nm). Otherwise, however, this red-activated oxygen atom will be quenched i.e., the excitation energy will be released to the collision partner in a non-radiative decay.
http://ift.tt/QB8VYA
Well, the blue emissions of the excited nitrogen particles belong to the permitted transitions. This means that such excited nitrogen particles can return back to their stable, ground states immediately i.e., in a time of the order of 10-8 sec or even less. So, whatever high be the density of the ionosphere, the nitrogen particles are able to release their specific visible auroral emissions as soon as these particles are excited. Geophysicists show that the blue emissions of N2* molecules, N2*+ ions, and N*+ ions generally compete with the visible auroral emissions of excited oxygen atoms in giving the aurora its predominant color.
http://ift.tt/QB8UUz
http://ift.tt/1fqSd3B
Any way, respecting the blue-hued emissions of the N2*+ ions, we find that 427.8 nm and 391.4 nm lines, rather bands, are the widest and brightest.
http://ift.tt/1kmc5bu
http://ift.tt/1kmc6vO
In intense auroras that are normally concomitant with significant increase of the ionospheric density (or the significant decrease of the mean free path), no doubt, the fact that the emissions of the N2*+ ions are the widest and brightest in the auroral spectrum makes them capable of dominating and outshining the emissions of the excited atoms of oxygen even to the degree of embedding them completely. However, it could be easily inferred from the coloration and morphology of the traditional auroras that the blue-colored ones tend to be diffuse.
http://ift.tt/QB8UUF
http://ift.tt/QB8UUJ
http://ift.tt/1kmc5rX
.
The nitrogen molecules in the sunward ionosphere are ionized to N2+ ions by the action of the so-called solar ultraviolet photons. About 20-35% of the molecular nitrogen at the altitude of E-layer is found as N2+ ions. Afterwards the N2+ ions become excited by the collisions with energized electrons whether precipitating from the magnetosphere or produced as photoelectrons in the process of photo-ionization. Thenceforth, the excited N2*+ ions give blue-hued emissions at 391.4 nm and 427.8 nm wavelengths. Moreover, these blue-hued emissions become well enhanced by the resonance scattering i.e. by absorption and re-emission of these wavelengths from the so-called solar rays, irrespective of the original source of such rays. Thus, the blue photons absorbed by N2+ ions are quickly re-emitted in all directions. Although these processes are concentrated in the E-layer, however, their occurrence encompasses the whole ionosphere.
Well, during the daytime, throughout the sunward ionosphere, the different blue-hued nitrogen emissions have the chance to dominate the green and red emissions of the excited oxygen atoms. The latter emissions become greatly suppressed owing to the highly increased probabilities of suffering excitement-aborting collisions. In other words, with respect to the green-excited and red-excited oxygen atoms, the excitement-aborting collisions become relatively so highly probable in the sunward ionosphere because its density increases greatly. Comparatively, this so high increase in the density of the daytime ionosphere happens mainly as a result of the intense photo-dissociation and photo-ionization. No escape, the significant degree of the suppression of the green-excited and red-excited oxygen atoms gives the blue emissions of the excited nitrogen particles, especially N2*+ ions, the opportunity to impose their color on the sunward ionosphere.
According to, first, the fact that the two main aurora-characterizing emissions belong to the forbidden transitions of the excited oxygen atoms, second, the fact that the geophysicists used to optically deal with the so-described typical features of the auroras of the classical auroral zone in order to judge whether there are any auroral activities or not and, third, the fact that the most important typical feature is the appearance of visible green curtain-like arcs or bands, consequently, the apparent absence of such discrete green arcs from the sunward ionosphere either from the perspective of the ground-stationed observers or of orbit-based observers, led the geophysicists to wrongly think that the sunward ionosphere does not house any bright auroras. Inevitably, all the typical features of the classical auroras are present throughout the daytime sky, but they are embedded in the uniformly diffused, full-sky blue-colored auroras whose intensity is relatively so high to the degree of being able to outshine, drown, and conceal almost completely all the features of the classical typical auroras, especially due to the significant suppression of the two main aurora-characterizing emissions of the excited oxygen atoms. This suppression is caused by the highly increased rate of collisions. Any way, the suppression is impossible to be entire.
http://ift.tt/1lqF0Pr
http://ift.tt/QB8Vb7
http://ift.tt/QB8VYO
So far, it now is worthwhile remembering that the ozone molecules whether present in the stratosphere or in the ionosphere can contribute sensibly to the blueness of the sky. The ozone gas is naturally blue.
Doubtlessly, Cerenkov radiation occurring in the ionosphere can also sensibly contribute to the blueness of the sky. In addition to, we find many other different ionospheric and stratospheric gases which have their minor contributions to the blueness of the sky.
So far, it is worthwhile noting that, though the exosphere is seen dark, its lower regions are a source of blue emissions because of the presence of hydrogen and helium atoms.
Any way, the bright, colored auroras not only can paint the sky, but also they can paint the earth's surface and all the things there on.
http://ift.tt/QB8Wf2
Conclusions:
The most spread, most diffused, or most distributed light in the daytime sky is the blue light. This is not because the blue-hued wavelengths of the so-called solar rays are the most scattered ones, but instead, because, firstly, the bulk of the diffuse blue light of the sky is generated in the sunward ionosphere by the same mechanisms that are responsible for the production of the light of classical polar auroras and, secondly, the overwhelmingly greatest ratio of the colored constituents of the naturally clean atmosphere is blue-colored.
Certainly speaking, the contribution of Rayleigh scattering to the blueness of the sky could be described as insignificant or even optically negligible. In other words, the explanation of the blueness of the daytime sky in terms of Rayleigh scattering is not acceptable at all, though the very Rayleigh's law of scattering isn't wrong. So, the daytime sky is bright and blue mainly due to the fact that the sunward ionosphere is self-coloring by the generation of blue auroras, and not at all because the air scatters the short wavelengths of light more than longer wavelengths according to Rayliegh's 1/λ4 law i.e. scattering of light by small molecules in the atmosphere is inversely proportional to the forth power of the wavelength. Expressed another way, the intensity of the scattered light (Is) is related to the intensity of the incident light (I0) by the inverse fourth power of the wavelength:
Is/Io = constant λ-4
However, another type of scattering contributes to the blueness of the sky, particularly, in the ionosphere. That is the so-called resonance scattering.
Really, on viewing the clear daytime sky the line of sight passes through the illuminated atmosphere which is formed from a transparent colorless troposphere which is about 99% of two colorless gases: nitrogen and oxygen, a transparent pale blue-colored stratosphere, a transparent pale blue-colored lower mesosphere, a transparent blue-colored upper mesosphere, and a brilliantly deep blue-colored ionosphere whose background is the black exosphere. Briefly, the blueness of the sky and its brightness are mainly due to the presence of blue light-emitting layers overlying the colorless troposphere. Precisely, this is the main genuine reason behind the blueness of the clear daytime sky. However, all the limb view images of the atmosphere photographed from different terrestrial orbits, e.g. from space shuttles, show this fact so clearly.
Summary
The intuitive, direct extremely plain evidence that can decisively refute the explanation of the blueness of the sky in terms of Rayleigh's scattering are the images of the lower atmosphere taken for the earth's limb from terrestrial orbits ( e.g. from ISS). Such photos show the lower atmosphere i.e. the troposphere and tropopause so brilliantly white. However, since the scientists unanimously used to consider that the lower atmosphere is the real 'Rayleilgh scattering' layer, consequently, Rayleigh's scattering turns out to be unacceptable as an explanation for the blueness of the clear sky. No escape, as long as the images from space vehicles show the lower atmosphere white-colored, it becomes as an undeniable fact that accounting for the blueness of the clear sky according to Rayliegh's law of scattering should be utterly refused. Otherwise, the adherence to the Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky must be esteemed as a common, clear sign of silliness and thoughtlessness.
Really, the sky seems blue because the line of sight normally terminates in a blue-colored higher atmosphere overlying a transparent, brilliantly white-colored lower atmosphere. Expressed another way, the blueness of the sky is a result of the presence of the blue higher atmosphere as a background of the transparent, white lower atmosphere.
For an augmentative elucidation, the essentially adopted principle of explaining colors is dependent on the selective absorption of the intended species. Thus, chromatically saying, the color of the clean troposphere should be basically treated according to the selective absorption. However, nearly 99% of the lower atmosphere's composition is from two colorless gases: nitrogen 78% and oxygen 21%. The rest 1% is nearly entirely composed of argon which is a pale blue-colored gas. So, on being illuminated by the so-called solar light, the relatively meager ratio, or the so little proportional concentration of the argon, is short of giving any sensible blueness to the lower atmosphere which is the supposedly main scattering region.
Accordingly, since all the images taken from terrestrial orbits for the Earth's limb, as those taken by Hubble Telescope or any shuttle, show the clean lower atmosphere as colorless or even as a brightly white layer, it could and should be concluded that the very lower atmosphere (the troposphere and tropopause) does not get its color according to Rayleigh's scattering.
Any way, no doubt, accounting for the blueness of the sky in terms of global-scale, blue light-emitting discharge lamps 'installed' in the ionosphere (which really seems blue from all the high altitude balloons and space vehicles) is greatly simpler and extremely more realistic than accounting for this very blueness by scattering the so-called solar light in the clear lower atmosphere (which always seems colorless from all the high altitude balloons and space vehicles) according to the Rayleigh law of scattering. Thus, Ockham's razor strongly refuses Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky and hotly supports Attiyah's. Obviously, ascribing the blueness of the sky to continuous, blanketing blue diffuse auroras, especially in the E-layer, is so simpler than accounting for it in terms of the complications of Rayleigh scattering which also encountered so much criticism.
However, were the Rayleigh scattering capable of accounting for the blueness of the sky, why then do the clear troposphere and tropopause always appear white on being seen or imaged from space vehicles? Haven't you seen any photo wherein the nighttime, traditional blue-colored auroras in the auroral oval were the cause of the blue appearance of the sky of the auroral zone? Really, the highly intense auroras that are usually blue can render the sky of the auroral zone so brightly blue. However, analogously, the continuous, highly intense auroras in the sunward sky can make it brightly blue. Simply, as the nocturnal, blue-colored polar auroras can show the polar sky blue, no doubt, they can show the daytime sky blue, either. In aggregate, irrespective of the local time and latitude, the clean, clear sky is mainly aurora-colored.
Frequently, the auroras become so bright to the degree of enabling one to read any printed material as easily as during the normal, clear daytime.
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Any way, irrespective of any other explanation whatever, attributing the blueness of the sky to Rayleigh's scattering is no longer defendable even though, principally saying, the Rayliegh's law of scattering is not wrong.
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In aggregate, only the extremely fool persons are who adhere to Rayleigh scattering in order to explain the blueness of the sky.
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Is Colonel Wheels saying: 'Goodbye, Lord Rayleigh! Please don't forget to 'scatter' my blue and red salutes to all the Earth's peoples, but according to your law'?
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Blue-colored Auroras
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Unraveling the Greatest Astronomical Mystery
{{N.B: This article is not quoted}}
Global, highly intense veil blue-colored diffuse auroras are the main contributor to the blueness of the daytime sky.
Abstract:
The clear sunward sky is nearly always blue mainly because the ionosphere is self-coloring due to its capability of being a planetary-scale discharge tube wherein global, continuous blue-colored auroras mostly from molecular and atomic nitrogen emissions, especially the emissions of N2+ ions upon being impact-excited, are prevalent almost along the daytime. Simply, the diffuse sky radiation is blue mainly because the bulk of this light is blue veil diffuse auroras wherein the ionized air glow associated with 'electric blue' could be considered as a principal player.
Introduction
Why is the daytime clear sky blue?
The scientists used to explain the blueness of the sky in terms of Rayleigh's law of scattering. However, I see that the scientists were to know that the scattering-dependent Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky deserved be abandoned, at least, since the ascent of 'Albert W. Stevens' in 1935 to a height of 22km in the stratosphere aboard a high altitude balloon.
Almost all the scattering air is present in the atmospheric region below the ozonosphere. Therefore, geophysicists considered the lower atmosphere which is composed of the troposphere and tropopause as the real scattering layer. Were the scattering-dependent Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky right, necessarily, the blueness of the sky should then be overwhelmingly concentrated in the lower atmosphere. Otherwise, the explanation of the blueness of the sky according to Rayleigh's law of scattering would turn out to be wrong. So, as all the images of the Earth's limb from high altitude balloons disclosed that the clear lower atmosphere is normally colorless, scientists were to declare that Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky could no longer survive. Instead, strangely, they stood thoughtless and continued their adherence to Rayleigh scattering as a right explanation of the blueness of the sky. Well, who could dare mistake a world-wide famous, so brilliant mathematician 'Nobel prize' laureate Lord from the Great Empire?!
http://ift.tt/1fqSdjP
http://ift.tt/QB8T38
http://ift.tt/1kmc3Ac
Any way, also all the images captured for the Earth's limb from terrestrial orbits, e.g. from space shuttles, could reinforce the fact of the colorlessness of the lower atmosphere by disclosing the troposphere and tropopause as a white-colored region.
http://ift.tt/QB8VYy
The Facts of the Chromatic Behavior of Auroras Can Rightly Explain the Blueness of the Sky
From the perspective of the classical polar auroras, or by the comparison with them, we find that:
First, all the agents needed to operate extremely intense auroral activities are continuously present in the whole sunward ionosphere.
Second, all the conditions relevant to the occurrence of extremely bright, blue-colored diffuse auroras could be persistently observed throughout the daytime ionosphere.
Third, all the effects associated with the events of exceptionally bright auroras always appear in the daytime sky.
Accordingly, relatively and comparatively speaking, very bright, veil blue-colored auroras should be continuously present in an almost uniformly diffuse state in the whole sunward ionosphere.
Concise Explanation and Interpretation
It is known that excited oxygen atoms are responsible for the emission of the two most principal and most typical auroral lines: the green wavelength 557.7nm and red wavelength 630.0nm. However, both of these two emissions belong to the forbidden transitions (meta-stable states): 557.7nm [OI] line (1S→1D) and 630.0nm [OI] line (1D→3P). Therefore, unless the green-excited oxygen atom passes its radiative lifetime whose duration is 0.75sec without suffering any collision, it will not emit the green photon (557.7nm). Otherwise, the gained energy which caused the activation will be yielded to the other colliding particle in a non-radiative de-excitation. Also, unless the red-excited oxygen atom passes its radiative lifetime whose duration is 110 seconds without undergoing any collision, it will not emit the red photon (630.0nm). Otherwise, however, this red-activated oxygen atom will be quenched i.e., the excitation energy will be released to the collision partner in a non-radiative decay.
http://ift.tt/QB8VYA
Well, the blue emissions of the excited nitrogen particles belong to the permitted transitions. This means that such excited nitrogen particles can return back to their stable, ground states immediately i.e., in a time of the order of 10-8 sec or even less. So, whatever high be the density of the ionosphere, the nitrogen particles are able to release their specific visible auroral emissions as soon as these particles are excited. Geophysicists show that the blue emissions of N2* molecules, N2*+ ions, and N*+ ions generally compete with the visible auroral emissions of excited oxygen atoms in giving the aurora its predominant color.
http://ift.tt/QB8UUz
http://ift.tt/1fqSd3B
Any way, respecting the blue-hued emissions of the N2*+ ions, we find that 427.8 nm and 391.4 nm lines, rather bands, are the widest and brightest.
http://ift.tt/1kmc5bu
http://ift.tt/1kmc6vO
In intense auroras that are normally concomitant with significant increase of the ionospheric density (or the significant decrease of the mean free path), no doubt, the fact that the emissions of the N2*+ ions are the widest and brightest in the auroral spectrum makes them capable of dominating and outshining the emissions of the excited atoms of oxygen even to the degree of embedding them completely. However, it could be easily inferred from the coloration and morphology of the traditional auroras that the blue-colored ones tend to be diffuse.
http://ift.tt/QB8UUF
http://ift.tt/QB8UUJ
http://ift.tt/1kmc5rX
.
The nitrogen molecules in the sunward ionosphere are ionized to N2+ ions by the action of the so-called solar ultraviolet photons. About 20-35% of the molecular nitrogen at the altitude of E-layer is found as N2+ ions. Afterwards the N2+ ions become excited by the collisions with energized electrons whether precipitating from the magnetosphere or produced as photoelectrons in the process of photo-ionization. Thenceforth, the excited N2*+ ions give blue-hued emissions at 391.4 nm and 427.8 nm wavelengths. Moreover, these blue-hued emissions become well enhanced by the resonance scattering i.e. by absorption and re-emission of these wavelengths from the so-called solar rays, irrespective of the original source of such rays. Thus, the blue photons absorbed by N2+ ions are quickly re-emitted in all directions. Although these processes are concentrated in the E-layer, however, their occurrence encompasses the whole ionosphere.
Well, during the daytime, throughout the sunward ionosphere, the different blue-hued nitrogen emissions have the chance to dominate the green and red emissions of the excited oxygen atoms. The latter emissions become greatly suppressed owing to the highly increased probabilities of suffering excitement-aborting collisions. In other words, with respect to the green-excited and red-excited oxygen atoms, the excitement-aborting collisions become relatively so highly probable in the sunward ionosphere because its density increases greatly. Comparatively, this so high increase in the density of the daytime ionosphere happens mainly as a result of the intense photo-dissociation and photo-ionization. No escape, the significant degree of the suppression of the green-excited and red-excited oxygen atoms gives the blue emissions of the excited nitrogen particles, especially N2*+ ions, the opportunity to impose their color on the sunward ionosphere.
According to, first, the fact that the two main aurora-characterizing emissions belong to the forbidden transitions of the excited oxygen atoms, second, the fact that the geophysicists used to optically deal with the so-described typical features of the auroras of the classical auroral zone in order to judge whether there are any auroral activities or not and, third, the fact that the most important typical feature is the appearance of visible green curtain-like arcs or bands, consequently, the apparent absence of such discrete green arcs from the sunward ionosphere either from the perspective of the ground-stationed observers or of orbit-based observers, led the geophysicists to wrongly think that the sunward ionosphere does not house any bright auroras. Inevitably, all the typical features of the classical auroras are present throughout the daytime sky, but they are embedded in the uniformly diffused, full-sky blue-colored auroras whose intensity is relatively so high to the degree of being able to outshine, drown, and conceal almost completely all the features of the classical typical auroras, especially due to the significant suppression of the two main aurora-characterizing emissions of the excited oxygen atoms. This suppression is caused by the highly increased rate of collisions. Any way, the suppression is impossible to be entire.
http://ift.tt/1lqF0Pr
http://ift.tt/QB8Vb7
http://ift.tt/QB8VYO
So far, it now is worthwhile remembering that the ozone molecules whether present in the stratosphere or in the ionosphere can contribute sensibly to the blueness of the sky. The ozone gas is naturally blue.
Doubtlessly, Cerenkov radiation occurring in the ionosphere can also sensibly contribute to the blueness of the sky. In addition to, we find many other different ionospheric and stratospheric gases which have their minor contributions to the blueness of the sky.
So far, it is worthwhile noting that, though the exosphere is seen dark, its lower regions are a source of blue emissions because of the presence of hydrogen and helium atoms.
Any way, the bright, colored auroras not only can paint the sky, but also they can paint the earth's surface and all the things there on.
http://ift.tt/QB8Wf2
Conclusions:
The most spread, most diffused, or most distributed light in the daytime sky is the blue light. This is not because the blue-hued wavelengths of the so-called solar rays are the most scattered ones, but instead, because, firstly, the bulk of the diffuse blue light of the sky is generated in the sunward ionosphere by the same mechanisms that are responsible for the production of the light of classical polar auroras and, secondly, the overwhelmingly greatest ratio of the colored constituents of the naturally clean atmosphere is blue-colored.
Certainly speaking, the contribution of Rayleigh scattering to the blueness of the sky could be described as insignificant or even optically negligible. In other words, the explanation of the blueness of the daytime sky in terms of Rayleigh scattering is not acceptable at all, though the very Rayleigh's law of scattering isn't wrong. So, the daytime sky is bright and blue mainly due to the fact that the sunward ionosphere is self-coloring by the generation of blue auroras, and not at all because the air scatters the short wavelengths of light more than longer wavelengths according to Rayliegh's 1/λ4 law i.e. scattering of light by small molecules in the atmosphere is inversely proportional to the forth power of the wavelength. Expressed another way, the intensity of the scattered light (Is) is related to the intensity of the incident light (I0) by the inverse fourth power of the wavelength:
Is/Io = constant λ-4
However, another type of scattering contributes to the blueness of the sky, particularly, in the ionosphere. That is the so-called resonance scattering.
Really, on viewing the clear daytime sky the line of sight passes through the illuminated atmosphere which is formed from a transparent colorless troposphere which is about 99% of two colorless gases: nitrogen and oxygen, a transparent pale blue-colored stratosphere, a transparent pale blue-colored lower mesosphere, a transparent blue-colored upper mesosphere, and a brilliantly deep blue-colored ionosphere whose background is the black exosphere. Briefly, the blueness of the sky and its brightness are mainly due to the presence of blue light-emitting layers overlying the colorless troposphere. Precisely, this is the main genuine reason behind the blueness of the clear daytime sky. However, all the limb view images of the atmosphere photographed from different terrestrial orbits, e.g. from space shuttles, show this fact so clearly.
Summary
The intuitive, direct extremely plain evidence that can decisively refute the explanation of the blueness of the sky in terms of Rayleigh's scattering are the images of the lower atmosphere taken for the earth's limb from terrestrial orbits ( e.g. from ISS). Such photos show the lower atmosphere i.e. the troposphere and tropopause so brilliantly white. However, since the scientists unanimously used to consider that the lower atmosphere is the real 'Rayleilgh scattering' layer, consequently, Rayleigh's scattering turns out to be unacceptable as an explanation for the blueness of the clear sky. No escape, as long as the images from space vehicles show the lower atmosphere white-colored, it becomes as an undeniable fact that accounting for the blueness of the clear sky according to Rayliegh's law of scattering should be utterly refused. Otherwise, the adherence to the Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky must be esteemed as a common, clear sign of silliness and thoughtlessness.
Really, the sky seems blue because the line of sight normally terminates in a blue-colored higher atmosphere overlying a transparent, brilliantly white-colored lower atmosphere. Expressed another way, the blueness of the sky is a result of the presence of the blue higher atmosphere as a background of the transparent, white lower atmosphere.
For an augmentative elucidation, the essentially adopted principle of explaining colors is dependent on the selective absorption of the intended species. Thus, chromatically saying, the color of the clean troposphere should be basically treated according to the selective absorption. However, nearly 99% of the lower atmosphere's composition is from two colorless gases: nitrogen 78% and oxygen 21%. The rest 1% is nearly entirely composed of argon which is a pale blue-colored gas. So, on being illuminated by the so-called solar light, the relatively meager ratio, or the so little proportional concentration of the argon, is short of giving any sensible blueness to the lower atmosphere which is the supposedly main scattering region.
Accordingly, since all the images taken from terrestrial orbits for the Earth's limb, as those taken by Hubble Telescope or any shuttle, show the clean lower atmosphere as colorless or even as a brightly white layer, it could and should be concluded that the very lower atmosphere (the troposphere and tropopause) does not get its color according to Rayleigh's scattering.
Any way, no doubt, accounting for the blueness of the sky in terms of global-scale, blue light-emitting discharge lamps 'installed' in the ionosphere (which really seems blue from all the high altitude balloons and space vehicles) is greatly simpler and extremely more realistic than accounting for this very blueness by scattering the so-called solar light in the clear lower atmosphere (which always seems colorless from all the high altitude balloons and space vehicles) according to the Rayleigh law of scattering. Thus, Ockham's razor strongly refuses Rayleigh's explanation of the blueness of the sky and hotly supports Attiyah's. Obviously, ascribing the blueness of the sky to continuous, blanketing blue diffuse auroras, especially in the E-layer, is so simpler than accounting for it in terms of the complications of Rayleigh scattering which also encountered so much criticism.
However, were the Rayleigh scattering capable of accounting for the blueness of the sky, why then do the clear troposphere and tropopause always appear white on being seen or imaged from space vehicles? Haven't you seen any photo wherein the nighttime, traditional blue-colored auroras in the auroral oval were the cause of the blue appearance of the sky of the auroral zone? Really, the highly intense auroras that are usually blue can render the sky of the auroral zone so brightly blue. However, analogously, the continuous, highly intense auroras in the sunward sky can make it brightly blue. Simply, as the nocturnal, blue-colored polar auroras can show the polar sky blue, no doubt, they can show the daytime sky blue, either. In aggregate, irrespective of the local time and latitude, the clean, clear sky is mainly aurora-colored.
Frequently, the auroras become so bright to the degree of enabling one to read any printed material as easily as during the normal, clear daytime.
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Any way, irrespective of any other explanation whatever, attributing the blueness of the sky to Rayleigh's scattering is no longer defendable even though, principally saying, the Rayliegh's law of scattering is not wrong.
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In aggregate, only the extremely fool persons are who adhere to Rayleigh scattering in order to explain the blueness of the sky.
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Is Colonel Wheels saying: 'Goodbye, Lord Rayleigh! Please don't forget to 'scatter' my blue and red salutes to all the Earth's peoples, but according to your law'?
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Blue-colored Auroras
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